{"id":203,"date":"2021-07-26T13:03:51","date_gmt":"2021-07-26T11:03:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/?page_id=203"},"modified":"2023-03-06T08:00:11","modified_gmt":"2023-03-06T07:00:11","slug":"elementor-203","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/elementor-203\/","title":{"rendered":"Articles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"203\" class=\"elementor elementor-203\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-26f80d5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"26f80d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06a0b58\" data-id=\"06a0b58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fabfbbb elementor-align-justify animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"fabfbbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;bounce&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/outputs\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">OUTPUT 1 <br> COLLECTION OF GM TOOLS <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f2e074\" data-id=\"5f2e074\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5688c1e elementor-button-info elementor-align-justify animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5688c1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;bounce&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/cpd-course-curriculum\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">OUTPUT 2 <br> CPD COURSE CURRICULUM<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b0d89b7\" data-id=\"b0d89b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebef281 elementor-button-info elementor-align-justify animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ebef281\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;bounce&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/gm-teaching-practices\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">OUTPUT 3 <br> GM TEACHING PRACTICES<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7e6117\" data-id=\"e7e6117\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e6be4a elementor-button-info elementor-align-justify animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5e6be4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;bounce&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/gm-webinar-for-students\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">OUTPUT 4 <br> GM WEBINAR FOR STUDENTS<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-49b1a38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"49b1a38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9785ea1\" data-id=\"9785ea1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1028359 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1028359\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">COLLECTION OF GM TOOLS <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53e6ad4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53e6ad4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b713e9d\" data-id=\"b713e9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-526e5f6 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"526e5f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;slideInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In this section,  articles  and collection of GM tools prepared by our project team based on the literature and that instructors can interest in are included.<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a0c550 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a0c550\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab7452d\" data-id=\"ab7452d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cb6e5b elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7cb6e5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/elementor-203\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1079\" height=\"720\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/compendium.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-501\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/elementor-203\/\">Articles<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eabf787\" data-id=\"eabf787\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-833f102 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"833f102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/infographics\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"720\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/digital.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-521\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/infographics\/\">Infographics<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25c6309\" data-id=\"25c6309\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7182ee elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"d7182ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/teaching-materials-tools\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"684\" height=\"457\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/curriculum.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-512\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/teaching-materials-tools\/\">GM Teaching Materials &amp; Tools<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40b5855 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40b5855\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e33442\" data-id=\"4e33442\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a11f515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"a11f515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">What is a growth mindset oriented teaching?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\"><p><strong>Blanka Tacer<\/strong><\/p><p>Available in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Gelisim-zihniyetine-yonelik-ogretim-nedir.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TR<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/article_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SLO<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Was-ist-Growth-Mindset-orientierter-Unterricht.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GER<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Ce-este-o-predare-de-tip-growth-mindset.docx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ROM<\/a>, please click on the link.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-227\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/GM-Teaching-Categories.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" \/><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><b>Category<\/b><\/td><td><b>Description<\/b><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>The Nature of Brains and Intelligence<\/b><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introducing students how our brain works, how we learn, fixed and growth mindset.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Teaching students about brain plasticity<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mindset interventions may be more influential if they integrate the evolving nature of science and information about brain plasticity in adulthood.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Gathering students\u2019 experience about how mindset in being developed<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How their own experiences and observations affected their mindset beliefs (e.g., their own academic experiences, observing peers\u2019 experiences). How authority figures (e.g., parents and teachers) talk about intelligence is influential.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>Growth Mindset Language<\/b><\/td><td><p><b>Demonstrating the connection between learning and result<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emphasizing effort, mistakes, brain growth, reflection about learning, high expectations, growth-oriented feedbacks.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can encourage students to think deeply and communicate to them that they can achieve at a high level, but it takes persistence and character. It requires an understanding that even if success\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">does not come immediately, they must keep trying\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">(Duckworth 2016; Tough 2012).<\/span><\/p><p><b>Keep the conversation about the growth mindset alive<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide examples of growth mindset<\/span><\/p><p><b>Praise effort not talent<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is necessary to change these messages from ones that praise intelligence to ones that praise effort and tell students they can\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">achieve; it may just take more time and practice, and it won\u2019t happen overnight (Boaler 2016; Dweck 2006; Kohn 2015; Pink 2009). This means that instead of saying \u201cyou are so smart,\u201d you\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">can say, \u201cI loved how you solved that problem.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">You really thought outside the box.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><b>Promoting positive self-talk<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Explicitly teaching students how to use positive self-talk helps them develop essential skills and the confidence necessary to be successful in learning.<\/span><\/p><p><b>High expectations for all students<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wagner (2012) emphasizes that the message we send to our students by having high expectations is that they are capable. When trying to reach high expectations, students see failures as a result of those high expectations versus lack of potential, and by contrast, low expectations will cause students to question their intellectual ability.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>Growth Mindset Tasks<\/b><\/td><td><p><b>Deliberate practice, mistakes and challenges<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Very often, students do not need to complete 100 problems in order to demonstrate understanding; sometimes they only need to complete one very challenging problem that extends on the concepts taught in class. Repetitive exercises that require a\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">lot of time to complete can be counterproductive (Rosario et al. 2019). After finishing the one problem, they feel a much greater sense of accomplishment. There are fields of study, however, where exposure to multiple tasks is essential (e.g. English tenses). When this is the case, it is essential for the students to see purpose and meaning in the tasks. Integration of the tasks with real life problems is thus essential. It is also beneficial if the students can develop real life skills in problems they are faced with.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This mastery of a challenging skill also boosts their self-efficacy (Bandura and Schunk 1981). When they go over that problem as a class, have students lead the discussion (Abdulrahim and Orosco 2020). Encourage deliberate and reflective practice. Deliberate practice is the act of isolating what is not working and mastering the challenging area before\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">moving on, allowing the new information to become\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">encoded in memory (Mulligan, 1998).<\/span><\/p><p><b>Desirable difficulty<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create opportunities for desirable difficulty. Working through problems is how we learn: It is better to let students spend some time trying to fix their problems than it is to just give them the answer and go on.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Providing opportunities for mistakes without punishment. Normalize mistakes and failures.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recognizing mistakes not as an enemy to be vanquished but as a friend with much to teach us.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Multiple exposure<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple exposures provide students with multiple opportunities to encounter, engage with, and elaborate on new knowledge and skills.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Adherence to learning goals rather than performance goals<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tendency in students to pursue goals aiming at increasing\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">their ability, according importance to learning (academic importance belief), rather than proving their ability to others.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Step-by-step<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scaffold learning via specific steps\/activities, scaffold a final goal into the smaller goals showing a connection between effort and result.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Choice<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Give students choice on assignments. Motivation\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">increases when students are given more control,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">and this increased motivation can, in turn, promote\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">a growth mindset (Howard and Whitaker\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">2011). Students vary in the way they communicate\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">what they learn. On big projects, give them\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">the opportunity to present their work in different\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">ways; for example, a blog, a video presentation, or a booklet.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>Growth Mindset Assessment<\/b><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Give the students opportunities to test themselves, rather than just study or practice the new material. Students sometimes possess intrinsic motivation in which they receive pleasure from the learning process itself without the need for a reward (Gottfried 1985). They possess pride in their accomplishment of a difficult task. You can also create tasks that stimulate their thinking. Students enjoy the challenge of creating their own tests.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work with students to eliminate the fear of guessing and help them become comfortable starting again if their process is not progressing\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">(Duckworth 2016). You need to determine when to use extrinsic rewards, such as giving a prize or extra points on a test. Rewards and punishments can induce negative thinking or give rise to cheating.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>Growth Mindset Reflection<\/b><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion about students\u2019 past experience with <\/span><b>overcoming a struggle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ask them to reflect on past times when they have learned or overcome a struggle, reminding them that they are capable of doing so observing their peers deal with struggle or noting differences among their peers and reporting in groups.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spend time on the first day of class discussing what it means to have tenacity, be persistent, and possess resilience. Share personal experiences when you have had or have not had grit. Let students share.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Personal reflection and storytelling are used to identify mindsets in practice.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Small-group discussions to showcase meaningful stories, explore connections between student experiences and mindset concepts, and allow students to share how their thinking about learning has evolved.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A reflection assignment helps students consolidate their learning.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Growth Mindset questions<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Questioning, by using questions to engage students, to monitor their progress and stimulate their thinking, and also by valuing questions from students as a form of feedback and an opportunity\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">for clarification\/extension of learning.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Growth mindset indicators<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\"><h6>Barbara Hanfstingl, Samuel Hafner, Gertraud Benke<\/h6><p>Available in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Gelisim-zihniyeti-gostergeleri.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TR<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/article_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SLO<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/GM_indicators_Ger.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GER<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/GM_indicators_ROM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ROM<\/a>, please click on the link.<\/p><p>The following indicators are a result of studying theories and\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-553\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/indicator.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"225\" \/> that are strongly associated with growth versus fixed mindset in the literature. <span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;\">If a teaching activity fulfils many of these indicators, it should be considered a best practice example. However, mind that rarely will it be possible to address all in one situation \u2013 which should also not be the purpose of these indicators.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 1: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The primary focus of the activity is on developing student\u2019s skills and competencies, as opposed to just letting them demonstrate their skills and competencies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The activity provides information about effective learning strategies, and on how to effectively regulate and evaluate learning.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 3<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The activity provides scientific information about neuroplasticity (i.e. the inherent capacity of the brain to form new neural connections throughout life).<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 4: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The activity fosters the belief that success is controllable by the student and dependent on their efforts.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 5<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The activity offers different choices to students and thus supports students&#8217; need for autonomy, i.e. they can feel free and self-determined.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 6<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The activity provides structure and feedback that makes students aware that they have learned something and helps them experience their newly acquired competence.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 7<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The activity supports students&#8217; need for feeling significant to others and connecting to others.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicator 8<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The activity aims at fostering students\u2019 process-focused thinking.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Theories underlying indicators for growth\/fixed mindset evaluation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\"><p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Barbara Hanfstingl, Samuel Hafner, Gertraud Benke<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Available in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Gelisim-Zihniyeti-Sabit-Zihniyet-degerlendirmesi-icin-gostergelerin-altinda-yatan-teoriler.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TR<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/article_3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SLO<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/teories_GER.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GER<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Teorii-care-stau-la-baza-indicatorilor-de-evaluare-a-mentalitatii-de-tip-growth-mindset_fixe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ROM<\/a>, please click on the link.<\/p><p>In the following, we describe some theories and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-548\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/exam.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"240\" data-wp-editing=\"1\" \/> approaches that are strongly associated with growth versus fixed mindset in the literature. <span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;\">We see 1. attributional style and 2. achievement goal orientation as key components of the mindset. In addition, in literature we found relationships with 3. beliefs about mindset and cognitive functioning, we also want to regard them as crucial for the development of indicators. Last but not least, we argue that we need indicators describing environmental aspects associated with growth mindset and found them in 4. self-determination theory. Although in empirical research the influence goes from mindset to these topics, we argue that it is an interaction between mindset and them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Attributional Style<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attributional style refers to the ways how people explain to themselves the cause of events and behaviour. These causal inferences impact a person\u2019s feelings, perceptions, and behaviour (Weiner, 2010). A person&#8217;s mindset indicates what the cause of a success or failure is attributed to (Dweck, 2000). Moreover, the adaptive function of a growth mindset in light of failure can be related to a person&#8217;s attribution. (Diener &amp; Dweck, 1978; Dweck, 1975; Dweck &amp; Reppucci, 1973; Hong et al., 1999). (Leighton &amp; Terrell, 2020; Song et al., 2019).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attributions have three causal dimensions (1) the locus dimension describes whether the cause is internal or external, (2) the stability dimension describes the source of the cause is something stable or variable over a period of time, and (3) the controllability dimension describes the degree to which a person can control the cause. These dimensions are distinct from actual causes of failure themselves (e.g., effort, ability, task difficulty, and luck). Dweck and Leggett (1988) regarded controllability as key to explaining the positive function of mindset in failure situation. growth mindset increases the perception of controllability of a failure cause, which helps students overcome difficulties or failures. (Song et al., 2019)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In our opinion, attribution style dimensions could be clear indicators for reviewing instructional materials on growth mindset: (1) internal locus of control, (2) variability over time, and (3) the conviction that something is controllable by myself is associated with growth mindset. Contrary, external locus of control, stability over time, and the conviction that something is not controllable by myself is connected to fixed mindset.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Achievement Goal Orientation<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Achievement goals are self-regulatory commitments that provide direction to individuals as they interpret and respond to competence-relevant situations. Student behaviors may vary in learning depending on the type of achievement goal being addressed. The pursuit of achievement goals can be divided into two distinct orientations that are qualitatively different from each other: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mastery goals<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">performance goals<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Whereas mastery goals focus on developing one&#8217;s skills, performance goals focus on demonstrating that one&#8217;s skills are superior to those of others (Dweck, 1986; Nicholls, 1984). Students pursuing mastery goals are more likely to seek challenges, are intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated, and show more stamina after failure, while students who pursue achievement goals are more inclined to avoid challenges and are prone to failure (Dweck &amp; Leggett, 1988; Nicholls, 1989). (Sommet &amp; Elliot, 2020; Song et al., 2019)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, people with a performance goal view the exertion of effort negatively, often avoid challenges, and seek tasks at a level of difficulty where they are confident of success, while people with a learning goal view exertion positively and seek challenging tasks regardless of whether they expect to succeed (Elliott &amp; Dweck, 1988). The mastery\u2010oriented learning style seen in people who have a growth mindset is beneficial to learning in many ways. It attracts people to challenging situations where they can develop new abilities and leads them to work with greater effort, persistence, and effectiveness. Because people with a growth mindset view effort to be positively related to success, they are also more likely to take steps to improve in areas where their own performance is currently lacking (Hong et al., 1999). (Hallahan, 2020)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, as second theory underlying the growth mindset indicators we argue to use the achievement goal theory for our purpose (e.g., Elliot &amp; McGregor, 2001). Best practice examples that foster growth mindset are learning goal oriented, performance goals usually are associated to fixed mindset.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to attribution theory and achievement goal theory, we argue to take up certain beliefs about our minds that deal with how our memory and brain work (metacognitive competencies; e.g., Mok et al., 2007), but also beliefs about neuroplasticity. Those beliefs are not crucial for indicating best practice examples for growth mindset, but they foster growth-mindset on a science base: The more I know about my cognitive functioning and neuroplasticity, the more growth mindset is natural for my worldview.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Beliefs about mindset \/ metacognition (how does memory\/the brain work?)<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Mindset<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Implicit theories (or implicit beliefs) of intelligence are deeply held perspectives about intelligence, competence, and ability that impact individuals\u2019 motivation, engagement, and achievement. People vary in the degree to which they believe these capacities have the potential to change. Accordingly, some people hold the view that they are bound to particular abilities (entity theory, while others believe that their abilities can develop (incremental theory). Our mindset influences how we think, what tasks we choose for ourselves, our resilience and adaptability, our task engagement and enjoyment, our goals, our persistence, and our attribution styles. Consequently, these implicit beliefs have effects on important outcomes throughout an individual\u2019s life \u2013 including through their academic life. (Martin et al., 2020)<\/span><\/p><p><b>Metacognition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Metacognition is frequently de\ufb01ned as \u201cknowing about knowing\u201d or \u201cthinking about thinking.\u201d Highly developed metacognitive skills are associated with good academic performance. A student with greater metacognitive awareness is better able to effectively regulate and evaluate his or her learning, for example, because he or she can select the learning strategy that is most likely to improve learning and memory. Metacognition is comprised of two essential processes: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">monitoring<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">control<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Monitoring refers to people\u2019s ability to assess their own learning, while control refers to the way in which they regulate their learning using the information acquired through monitoring. (Higham et al., 2020)<\/span><\/p><p><b>Neuroplasticity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brain plasticity or neuroplasticity is the inherent capacity of the brain to form new neural connections throughout life (Kania et al., 2017). Initially, neuroplasticity was thought to manifest only in childhood, but in the second half of the 20<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> century, research showed that many aspects of the brain can also be altered in later life (Rakic, 2002).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last but not least, we want to add self-determination theory because it emphasizes the role of motivation and personality and, more important, it shows how much attention must be paid to fulfillment of basic psychological needs. Thus, in addition to the upper three points, we need to focus also to which an environment is able to promote or indicate a growth mindset.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Self-determination theory<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of motivation and personality that addresses how the individual interacts with and is dependent on the social environment. SDT de\ufb01nes intrinsic and several types of extrinsic motivation and outlines how these motivations in\ufb02uence situational responses in different domains, as well as social and cognitive development and personality. The basic psychological needs of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">autonomy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (the need to feel free and self-determined), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">competence<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (the need to feel effective), and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">social relatedness<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (the need to connect closely with others) and their role in self-determined motivation, well-being, and growth are at the core of SDT. It describes the critical impact of the social and cultural context in either facilitating or thwarting people\u2019s basic psychological needs, perceived sense of self-direction, performance, and well-being. (Legault, 2020) The more the three psychological needs are fulfilled, the more students can develop autonomous motivations.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Growth mindset promotes self-determined motivations, while fixed mindset promotes controlled motivations (Dweck &amp; Leggett, 1988). So, we argue to include self-determination as a further theory for the construction of indicators for best practices examples: If an example &#8211; in addition to other indicators &#8211; promotes the fulfilment of one or more basic psychological needs, it should be considered a best practice example.<\/span><\/p><p><b>References<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diener,\u00a0C.\u00a0I., &amp; Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (1978). An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">36<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(5), 451\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.36.5.451<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">31<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4), 674\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0077149<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Psychologist<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(10), 1040\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066x.41.10.1040<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (2000). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Essays in social psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Psychology Press.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S., &amp; Leggett,\u00a0E.\u00a0L. (1988). A social cognitive approach to motivation and personality. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychological Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">95<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2), 256\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0033-295x.95.2.256<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S., &amp; Reppucci,\u00a0N.\u00a0D. (1973). Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 109\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0034248<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elliot,\u00a0A.\u00a0J [A. J.], &amp; McGregor,\u00a0H.\u00a0A. (2001). A 2 X 2 achievement goal framework. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 501\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.80.3.501<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elliott,\u00a0E.\u00a0S., &amp; Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">54<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.1.5<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hallahan,\u00a0M. (2020). Learning \u00adStyles\u00ad \/\u00adFixed \u00advs. \u00adGrowth \u00adMindset. In J. Mio &amp; R. Riggio (Eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and\u00a0Individual Differences Volume IV: Clinical, Applied, and Cross\u2010Cultural Research <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(pp.\u00a0545\u2013549). Wiley Blackwell.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higham,\u00a0P.\u00a0A., Griffiths,\u00a0L.\u00a0R., &amp; Coria,\u00a0K.\u00a0A. (2020). Metacognition. In V. Zeigler-Hill &amp; T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(pp.\u00a02866\u20132869). Springer International Publishing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hong,\u00a0Y., Chiu,\u00a0C., Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S., Lin,\u00a0D.\u00a0M.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2011<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S., &amp; Wan,\u00a0W. (1999). Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: A meaning system approach. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">77<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 588\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.77.3.588<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kania,\u00a0B.\u00a0F., Wro\u0144ska,\u00a0D., &amp; Zi\u0119ba,\u00a0D. (2017). Introduction to Neural Plasticity Mechanism. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">07<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(02), 41\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jbbs.2017.72005<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legault,\u00a0L. (2020). Self-Determination Theory. In V. Zeigler-Hill &amp; T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(pp.\u00a04694\u20134702). Springer International Publishing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leighton,\u00a0K.\u00a0N., &amp; Terrell,\u00a0H.\u00a0K. (2020). Attributional Styles. In V. Zeigler-Hill &amp; T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(pp.\u00a0313\u2013315). Springer International Publishing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Martela,\u00a0F. (2020). Self-Determination Theory. In J. Mio &amp; R. Riggio (Eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences Volume I: Models and theories <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(pp.\u00a0369\u2013373). Wiley Blackwell.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Martin,\u00a0A.\u00a0J., Bostwick,\u00a0K., Collie,\u00a0R.\u00a0J., &amp; Tarbetsky,\u00a0A.\u00a0L. (2020). Implicit Theories of Intelligence. In V. Zeigler-Hill &amp; T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(pp.\u00a02184\u20132190). Springer International Publishing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mok,\u00a0Y.\u00a0F., Fan,\u00a0R.\u00a0M.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2011<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T., &amp; Pang,\u00a0N.\u00a0S.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2011<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K. (2007). Developmental patterns of school students&#8217; motivational\u2010 and cognitive\u2010metacognitive competencies. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Educational Studies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 81\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03055690600948281<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nicholls,\u00a0J.\u00a0G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychological Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">91<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 328\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295x.91.3.328<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nicholls,\u00a0J.\u00a0G. (1989). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The competitive ethos and democratic education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Harvard Univ. Press.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rakic,\u00a0P. (2002). Neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex: An evaluation of the evidence. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Reviews. Neuroscience<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 65\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn700<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sommet,\u00a0N., &amp; Elliot,\u00a0A.\u00a0J [Andrew J.]. (2020). Achievement Goals. In V. Zeigler-Hill &amp; T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(pp.\u00a017\u201320). Springer International Publishing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Song,\u00a0J., Kim,\u00a0S.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2011<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I., &amp; Bong,\u00a0M. (2019). Controllability Attribution as a Mediator in the Effect of Mindset on Achievement Goal Adoption Following Failure. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frontiers in Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02943<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weiner,\u00a0B. (2010). The Development of an Attribution-Based Theory of Motivation: A History of Ideas. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Educational Psychologist<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520903433596<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The Perils and Promises of Praise<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\"><p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Samuel Hafner<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Available in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ovgulerin-Tehlikeleri-ve-Vaatleri.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TR<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/article_4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SLO<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/perils_GER.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GER<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Pericolele-si-promisiunile-laudei.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ROM<\/a>, please click on the link.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-465\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/uni_st3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"245\" \/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe wrong kind of praise creates self-defeating behavior. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right kind motivates students to learn.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carol Dweck (2007b)<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;\">What educators say and do can have a big impact on students and their motivation and performance. This is especially true of praise. In her article, \u201cThe Perils and Promises of Praise\u201d, Carol Dweck describes two common misconceptions that have negative and even harmful effects: (1) praising intelligence promotes self-confidence and raises learners\u2019 motivation and (2) achievement is mainly caused by the students\u2019 intelligence. Several studies have observed the same results in different age groups and ethnic and social groups: Although praise of intelligence has short-term positive effects, there are significant negative effects in the long term.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Praise in itself can be a very powerful tool. If praise is used correctly, students develop into adults who appreciate intellectual challenges and also know how to deal with setbacks. On the other hand, \u201cwrong\u201d praise can be harmful: Instead of encouraging students, it causes them to become passive and dependent on the opinions of others.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To understand the effects of praise, it is necessary to examine what Dweck refers to as the \u201ctwo faces of effort\u201d (Dweck, 2007b) in relation to mindset theory. People with a fixed mindset tend to be afraid of effort. They assume that if they have to invest a lot of effort to achieve something, they are not smart enough. They believe that if they possessed the necessary ability, they should not need effort. Dweck calls this \u201cone of the worst beliefs that students can hold\u201d (Dweck 2007b), causing even competent students to give up or withdraw.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck illustrates this with a hypothetical situation:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s get inside the head of a student with a fixed mindset as he sits in his classroom, confronted with algebra for the first time. Up until then, he has breezed through math. Even when he barely paid attention in class and skimped on his homework, he always got <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s. But this is different. It\u2019s hard. The student feels anxious and thinks, \u201cWhat if I\u2019m not as good at math as I thought? What if other kids understand it and I don\u2019t?\u201d At some level, he realizes that he has two choices: try hard, or turn off. His interest in math begins to wane, and his attention wanders. He tells himself, \u201cWho cares about this stuff? It\u2019s for nerds. I could do it if I wanted to, but it\u2019s so boring. You don\u2019t see CEOs and sports stars solving for <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d (Dweck, 2007b)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By contrast, individuals holding a growth mindset are interested in learning and improving, they believe \u201cin the utility of effort versus the futility of effort given difficulty or low ability\u201d (Blackwell, Trzesniewski, &amp; Dweck, 2007). They are interested in learning from mistakes; they see mistakes as an opportunity to learn not as a sign of failure. They view effort as something positive as it challenges them and causes them to grow.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Again, Dweck describes a hypothetical situation to emphasize her point:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s look at another student \u2013 one who has a growth mindset \u2013 having her first encounter with algebra. She finds it new, hard, and confusing, unlike anything else she has ever learned. But she\u2019s determined to understand it. She listens to everything the teacher says, asks the teacher questions after class, and takes her textbook home and reads the chapter over twice. As she begins to get it, she feels exhilarated. A new world of math opens up for her. (Dweck, 2007b)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When examining the effects of praise, one has to distinguish between two types, person-related and process-related praise, and consider them in relation to Dweck&#8217;s theory of fixed and growth mindsets.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Person-related praise is a comment that evaluates and judges a person and is based on certain behaviour, performance or ability, e.g., \u201cYou are intelligent\u201d or \u201cYou did that well\u201d. Students who receive this kind of praise develop a fixed mindset. The focus is only put on the end product, regardless of how it was achieved. This creates the impression that the students are equipped with talents and deficits that they cannot do anything about, and as a result, they develop a negative image of effort. This leads them to believe that effort is ineffective because skills and talents cannot be improved and that effort is a sign of a lack of intelligence. In a study by Mueller and Dweck, the researchers observed that students who were praised for their intelligence tended to reject challenges through which they could learn something new, and instead were more likely to work on tasks in which they could show the skills they already had and thus appear intelligent. The researchers also noted that this type of praise leads students to become vulnerable to future setbacks.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Process-related praise focuses on a person\u2019s effort, actions and persistence. Examples include \u201cYou worked really hard for this good result\u201d or \u201cI can see that you studied a lot for this achievement.\u201d When students are praised for their effort, it leads them to develop a growth mindset. By focusing praise on the process and the path that led to the result, a positive connotation to effort is built. It also makes it clear that failure does not equate to not being smart enough, but that one needs to try harder and\/or develop new learning strategies. In Mueller and Dweck\u2019s study, children who received process-related praise even chose tasks that promised further learning opportunities over those where they could show what they had already mastered.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Sources<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blackwell,\u00a0L.\u00a0S., Trzesniewski,\u00a0K.\u00a0H., &amp; Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Child Development<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">78<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 246\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Burnette,\u00a0J.\u00a0L., O&#8217;Boyle,\u00a0E.\u00a0H., VanEpps,\u00a0E.\u00a0M., Pollack,\u00a0J.\u00a0M., &amp; Finkel,\u00a0E.\u00a0J. (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychological Bulletin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">139<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 655\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029531<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cimpian,\u00a0A., Arce,\u00a0H.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2011<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M.\u00a0C., Markman,\u00a0E.\u00a0M., &amp; Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (2007). Subtle linguistic cues affect children&#8217;s motivation. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychological Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4), 314\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01896.x<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C. S. (2007a). Boosting achievement with messages that motivate. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Education Canada<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">47<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2), 6\u201310.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C. S. (2007b). The perils and promises of praise. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Educational Leadership<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">65<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2), 34\u201339.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (1999). Caution: Praise can be dangerous. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Educator<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">23<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 4\u20139.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kamins,\u00a0M.\u00a0L., &amp; Dweck,\u00a0C. (1999). Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications for contingent self-worth and coping. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developmental Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 835\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.35.3.835<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mangels,\u00a0J.\u00a0A., Butterfield,\u00a0B., Lamb,\u00a0J., Good,\u00a0C., &amp; Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (2006). Why do beliefs about intelligence influence learning success? A social cognitive neuroscience model. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2), 75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsl013<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mueller,\u00a0C.\u00a0M., &amp; Dweck,\u00a0C.\u00a0S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children&#8217;s motivation and performance. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">75<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 33\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.75.1.33<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cI am not a math person\u201d \u2013 Changing your attitude towards math through the free online student course \u201cHow to learn Math\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-458\" src=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/mathematics-572273_960_720.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"247\" \/><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Samuel\u00a0Hafner<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Available in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ben-matematik-insani-degilim.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TR<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/article_5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SLO<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/notmathperson_GER.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GER<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Nu-sunt-o-persoana-buna-la-matematica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ROM<\/a>, please click on the link.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI\u2019m not good at math.\u201d \u201cI\u2019m not a\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">math person.\u201d Many educators have probably heard these lines or a variation of them. You may have even heard this idea reinforced by parents and other educators. Stanford professor Jo Boaler very much rejects this <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">idea as she explains in her TEDx speech \u201cHow you can be good at math, and other surprising facts about learning\u201d (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/3icoSeGqQtY\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/3icoSeGqQtY<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">):\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAnd I\u2019m here to tell you that idea is com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pletely wrong, it is disproven by the brain science. But it is fuelled by a single myth that\u2019s out there in our society that\u2019s very strong and very dangerous. And the myth is that there\u2019s such a thing as a math brain, that you\u2019re born with one, or you\u2019re not. We don\u2019t believe this about ot<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">her subjects. We don\u2019t think we\u2019re born with a history brain, or a physics brain. We think you have to learn those. But with math, people, studen<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ts believe it, teachers believe it, parents believe it. And until we change that single myth, we will continue to have widespread underachievement in this country.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jo Boaler research is very much focused on the connection between mathematics and growth mindset and also changing the mathematics classroom to promote a growth mindse<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t. She developed and taught the first Massive Online Open Course (M<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OOC) on mathematics education, called \u201cHow to Learn Math\u201d. The purpose of this free course is to provide students of all levels of mathematics with the necessary information to become powerful math learners, correct any misconceptions about what math is, and teach them about their own potential to succeed. In essence, the co<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">urse is designed to move the learners towards a growth mindset in mathematics which has been proven to increase achievement. Some of the key ideas in the course are:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Everyone can learn mathematics to high levels<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mistakes, challenge and struggle are the best times for brain growth<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depth of thinking is more important than speed<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mathematics is a creative and\u00a0beautiful subject<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good strategies for learning mathematics including talking and drawing<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mathematics is all around us in life and is important<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More information on the course can be found at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youcubed.org\/online-student-course\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.youcubed.org\/online-<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youcubed.org\/online-student-course\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">student-course\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Boaler and her colleagues also investigated the impact of this course and published their results (see sources below). In short, they found out that the treatment group who took the online course reported more positive beliefs about math, engaged more deeply in math in class, and achieved at significantly higher levels on standardized mathematics assessments.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Sources<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Boaler, J., Dieckmann, J. A., P\u00e9rez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, G., Sun, K. L., &amp; Williams, C. (2018). Changing students minds and achievement in mathematics: The impact of a free online student course. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fr<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ontiers in Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2018.00026\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2018.00026<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Boaler, J. (2016).<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> How you can be good at math, an<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d other surprising facts about learning<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. YouTube. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/3icoSeGqQtY\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/3icoSeGqQtY<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">How to recognise students with fixed and growth mindsets?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\"><p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Maja Lebeni\u010dnik<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Available in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sabit-ve-gelisen-zihniyete-sahip-ogrenciler-nasil-taninir.docx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TR<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/article_6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SLO<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Wie-man-das-Selbstbild-von-Lernenden-erkennen-kann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GER<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cum-sa-recunosti-studentii-cu-mentalitati-fixe-si-de-tip-growth-mindset.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ROM<\/a>, please click on the link.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mindsets that students have about their intellectual abilities are especially important in educational settings. Beliefs, whether their intellectual abilities are fixed and immutable (fixed mindset) or something one can further develop and change (growth mindset), impact students\u2019 learning decisions, goals, motivation, self-confidence and subsequently their learning achievements.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In certain situations, teachers are able to more clearly recognise whether their students have a fixed or a growth mindset. Students with different mindsets act differently when encountering:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>A challenge<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0 Students with a fixed mindset often decide to not start new challenges or choose easier challenges with lower chances of failure. Students with a growth mindset choose more difficult challenges from which they can learn something new. Students with a growth mindset are not as aversive to a possible failure as much as students with a fixed mindset.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>A setback<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Facing setbacks in the learning process substantially lower learning motivation of students with a fixed mindset. Because having difficulties while learning, not learning fast enough and having to put in an additional effort represents for students with fixed mindset a sign of the lack of abilities. Students with a growth mindset on the other hand understand that sometimes obstacles and delays are normal in the process of learning and that effort and trying are essential parts of goal attainment.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>A failure:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If a student has a fixed mindset, experiencing a failure affects a person&#8217;s self-worth. Failures and mistakes make students with fixed mindset feel \u2018stupid\u2019, \u2018not talented\u2019 or \u2018not suitable for something\u2019. Also, they are more prone to blame others for their own non-success (e.g. teacher). Students with a growth mindset may also be upset with failure but take responsibility for their own learning and interpret a failure more as an opportunity to learn from past mistakes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>A criticism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Students with a fixed mindset act in a defensive way when receiving a criticism, even if it is a constructive one. Instead of reflecting on the given feedback, they often do not accept the criticism or may devalue the person giving a criticism. Students with a growth mindset on the other hand do not feel threatened by criticism and are willing to reflect and learn from constructive feedback.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teachers may also observe that students with growth mindset<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">put a lot of effort in learning: trying harder, longer and in different ways to achieve goals;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enjoy learning;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">use more diverse and efficient learning strategies;\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">focus more on improving themselves than on competing with others;<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are prepared to change something in their learning process if needed<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have more stable self-confidence, not related to their achievements (do not need to feel superior to others)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">do not work to protect their ego (e.g. blaming others, not even starting with a task etc.)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literature:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dweck, C. (2017). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mindset &#8211; Updated Edition: Changing The Way You think To Fulfil Your Potential<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. London: Robinson.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>OUTPUT 1 COLLECTION OF GM TOOLS OUTPUT 2 CPD COURSE CURRICULUM OUTPUT 3 GM TEACHING PRACTICES OUTPUT 4 GM WEBINAR FOR STUDENTS COLLECTION OF GM TOOLS In this section, articles and collection of GM tools prepared by our project team based on the literature and that instructors can interest in are included. Articles Infographics GM [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"content-boxed-container","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"disabled","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"disabled","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-203","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=203"}],"version-history":[{"count":242,"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4700,"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/203\/revisions\/4700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unigrowthminds.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}